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Artificial Intelligence, Alexander Hamilton, and The Funding Act of 1790…
March 13, 2025 by GuyHeilenman · Leave a Comment 
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“A jack of all trades, a master of none” is often how I feel in my role as the overseer of life at Timothy Hughes Rare & Early Newspapers. Since collectible reporting covers nearly every topic under the sun (politics, religion, flight, exploration, literature, social issues, war, and more), it is impossible to know everything about everything. Even the areas which are personal favorites are more than enough to drive my quest to be a life-long learner. One such topic involves the early years of American and the “Founding” of The United States. Still, my nearly 7 decades of knowledge-absorption still leaves me wanting. A case in point was recently brought to the surface by a set of 4 issues covering The Funding Act of 1790. I knew the father of the Act was largely Alexander Hamilton and that it was an essential step in the early formation of the U.S., but beyond these basic elements, I admittedly knew little. Since our desire when describing collectible items is to be as accurate as possible, whenever I/we would be presented with a knowledge gap “back in the day”, our bookshelves full of resource material was essential – but cumbersome. Then the internet came alive and our ability to gather information was drastically reduced – especially once we gathered a repertoire of reliable sources. BUT NOW…
The question of the day: “How reliable/accurate is AI?” Only time will tell, but I thought it might be fun to seek a little input as it relates to the topic at hand. I did a basic (“think”) search on Grok (Elon Musk’s AI) for: “Why was the 1790 Funding Act so significant?” The response was:
The 1790 Funding Act was a landmark piece of legislation in United States history, playing a pivotal role in shaping the young nation’s financial and political landscape. Proposed by Alexander Hamilton, the first Treasury Secretary, the act addressed the massive debt accumulated during the Revolutionary War by consolidating state debts under federal control and funding them at full value. Its significance can be understood through several key aspects:
(by John Trumbull)
### 1. **Debt Consolidation and Federal Authority**
The act allowed the federal government to assume the debts of individual states, centralizing financial responsibility. This move stabilized the economy by creating a unified approach to debt management. While controversial—some states that had already paid off their debts opposed subsidizing others—it strengthened the federal government’s authority over the states, marking a shift toward a more centralized system.
### 2. **Establishment of National Credit**
By issuing bonds to pay off old debts and funding them through tariffs and excise taxes, the Funding Act established the United States as a credible borrower. This was critical for gaining the trust of international creditors and investors, laying the foundation for future economic growth. It demonstrated that the U.S. could honor its financial obligations, a vital step for a fledgling nation.
### 3. **Foundation for a National Economy**
The act was a cornerstone of Hamilton’s broader financial vision, which included creating a national bank to manage government finances and issue currency. By addressing the debt crisis and introducing federal taxation, it set the stage for a stable, centralized financial system. This stability was essential for the nation’s economic development and influenced future fiscal policies.
### 4. **Political Impact**
The Funding Act deepened the divide between Federalists, who favored a strong central government, and Democratic-Republicans, who worried about federal overreach. This ideological conflict shaped early American politics and highlighted the act’s role in defining the balance of power between federal and state governments.
In summary, the 1790 Funding Act was significant because it marked the federal government’s first major step into financial governance, resolving the post-war debt crisis while establishing the U.S. as a financially credible nation. It solidified federal authority, built a foundation for economic stability, and influenced the political and economic trajectory of the United States for decades to come.
How did Grok do? Did it miss anything of critical significance?
If so, perhaps you would like to review Grok’s “DeepSearch“.
I’ll admit, AI makes me more than a little nervous; however, if properly constrained… Ok, I’d still be more than a little nervous.
Thoughts?
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Snapshot 1820 – Considering a Cure for Hard Times…
March 10, 2025 by GuyHeilenman · Leave a Comment Email This Post
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One would need to search far and wide to find someone who doesn’t acknowledge that we’re living in hard times. Harder than those who lived through any major war… any great famine… any weather-born catastrophe… any form of slavery (or similar form of oppression)… any horrific accident… any economic depression… any…??? Most would say no, but “felt” hard times are often relative, and “counting our blessings and naming them one by one” – a practice well-known to be an effective pain-soothing salve for “felt needs” and more, is not often our default response to hardship. To be honest, I’m not among the few who often get this right. Perhaps this is why an article (not a key report by any means) in a Niles’ Register for July 1, 1820 caught my attention. It features a portion of a judge’s rather unusual admonition to the members of the grand jury set before him. If you decide to take a gander at the article (which is posted below), while contemplating his advice, please try to read it through the contextual eyes of the era in which he gave it. Whether you agree with his counsel or not, it would be hard to argue that the setting seems quite familiar. I’d love to hear what others think. 
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What are the chances? John Sutter… Yet another golden nugget!
March 7, 2025 by GuyHeilenman · Leave a Comment Email This Post
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Finding a newspaper with a report on the discovery of gold at Sutter’s Mill is not an easy task. Many newspapers either “didn’t get the news”, decided it wasn’t worth the print space, or delayed reporting it so as to be sure it wasn’t fake news. However, when found, the newspaper containing new of the discovery is quite collectible. Considering the near infinite possibilities where gold might have been found, what are the chances a report from this remote, almost random location would have been printed on the opposite side of the country, Washington, D.C., approximately 4 years prior? If odds-makers were taking bets, my hunch is that there wouldn’t have been any takers. However, against all odds, the article, albeit unrelated to the discovery of gold, was printed in the National Intelligencer dated June 25, 1844. Speaking of “discoveries”, we were quite pleased to find the report (which is shown below). Fun!
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Who’s Who in Newspapers – Robert Smalls edition…
March 3, 2025 by GuyHeilenman · Leave a Comment Email This Post
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The 9th installment of Who’s Who in Newspapers
Let’s explore for a moment. Would you leave your small child alone in your car with the engine running? Might you ask your best friend, who happens to be a recovering alcoholic, to watch your house – and especially your liquor cabinet, while your family is on vacation? Would you have your dog guard the steaks you’re grilling so you can take a bathroom break? Continuing in the food category (yes, I’m hungry), would you leave a tray of fresh-baked cookies out in the open during your 5-year-old’s birthday celebration and leave for 30 minutes expecting all would still be present upon your return? I’m guessing the answer to all of the above would be a resounding “NO, of course not.” In fact, “What were you thinking?” would be any observer’s reasonable response.
How about this one? If you were the captain of a confederate vessel holding a number of “quite capable” slaves, would you and a large portion of the crew leave them unshackled and largely unguarded so you could enjoy a bit of shore-leave? Before you say, “No capta07in would be so foolish”, it would be worth your time to read about Robert Smalls‘ and his enslaved companions’ escape from the Charleston Harbor on the USS Planter during the Civil War. An article printed in the New-York Tribune date May 24, 1862 is shown below. However, after (hopefully) enjoying the article, it might be worth your time to read more about the event and this fascinating man. Two possibilities are the brief summary found on Wikipedia and/or author Cate Lineberry’s, “Be Free or Die: The Amazing Story of Robert Smalls’ Escape from Slavery to Union Hero“. Once again, I am grateful much about him was chronicled in the newspapers of his day – making him an easy edition to “Who’s Who in Newspapers”.
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Announcing: Catalog #352 for March 2025 – Rare & Early Newspapers…
February 28, 2025 by GuyHeilenman · Leave a Comment Email This Post
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[The links above will redirect to the latest catalog in approx. 30 days
upon which time it will update to the most recent catalog.]
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Collecting Newspapers – The Basics (Part I) – Eras, Topics, and Titles…
February 24, 2025 by GuyHeilenman · Leave a Comment Email This Post
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We, (Timothy Hughes Rare & Early Newspapers), have been offering old and historic newspapers to the collecting community since 1976, with Tim’s first acquisition for his own personal collection taking place in 1975. For those who are either unfamiliar with or new to this amazing hobby, today we are kicking off a revisit of a series of posts, “Collecting Newspapers – The Basics”, to serve en masse as a Primer for those interested in learning more about the collectible. The first installment (below) may appear to be a bit self-serving, but the heart behind it is simply to let seekers know the span of topics and types of newspapers which can be found.
So, what can be found on the pages of Rare & Early Newspapers? While the possibilities are nearly endless, a sampling includes:
Eras: Colonial, Early 1800’s Americana, Reconstruction, Industrial Revolution, Old West, Victorian, Roaring 20’s, “The 60’s”, and similar, plus an abundance of war-eras (French and Indian War, Revolutionary War, War of 1812, Texas-Mexican War, Civil War, Spanish-American War, WWI, WWII, Korean War, Vietnam War, etc.). Some prefer to collect by centuries (1600’s, 1700’s, 1800’s, 1900’s, and now, even the 2000’s).
Topics: Black Americana, Mormon, Gangsters & Outlaws, Judaica, Sports & Entertainment, Inventors & Inventions, Gunfights, Deaths of the Famous, Politics, Presidents, Proclamations, Amendments, Historic SCOTUS Decisions, Trials & Tragedies, Slavery, Famous 1sts & Records, Movie Premiers, Famous Illustrators, and more.
Titles: Oxford/London Gazette, Harper’s Weekly, Frank Leslie’s, Scientific American, Gentleman’s Magazine, London Gazette, Village Voice, Sporting News, and nearly 1,000 other newspaper titles from throughout the United States, along with dozens specifically from the Old West and Colonial eras. Rare & unusual titles are also desirable.
People: Pick any famous person from the 1600’s through 20th century, regardless of the genre or genres for which they are known, newspapers will have undoubtedly recorded what brought their name into public awareness.
Historical Events: Without making a feeble attempt to list examples, if an event has an historical bent, not only will newspapers have recorded it, but they will have done so within the context of the period in which it happened. This is one of the reasons why many writers of both non-fiction and historical fiction seek newspapers from the time and (if possible) location of when and where an event took place. Newspapers make wonderful source material.
These and additional collecting themes can be found on the homepage of RareNewspapers.com. Also take note of the “View All Categories” tab on the right side towards the bottom of the page. If you don’t see what you are looking for, let us know. Our effort to add links to the collecting interests of those who appreciate old newspapers is ongoing.
Additional collecting themes/ideas can also be found throughout this Blog.
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Setting the Mood – Music Content in Newspapers…
February 21, 2025 by Laura Heilenman · Leave a Comment Email This Post
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We often receive calls from collectors requesting an issue with content concerning an individual musician or group. Without a doubt, as the search of our data base begins, so does the artist’s/group’s “top 10 songs list” on my Spotify account… most definitely if the genre is Jazz. After all, who doesn’t want to be transported to a dimly lit scat club in the middle of the workday? Such was the case the afternoon a request came for a newspaper with coverage of the death of jazz pianist Oscar Peterson. As I type this post, his version of “Love is Here to Stay” is quietly playing in our Rare Newspapers office. While the LOS ANGELES TIMES, from Dec. 25, 2007 was quickly snapped up, we do have an additional copy for anyone interested in this master of “setting the mood”. If Jazz isn’t your thing, I am sure we have a newspaper with content from almost any artist and genre you can imagine. While you are pondering what your favorite might be, why not give Oscar Peterson a listen. You won’t be disappointed!
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Celebrating Our History – Washington’s Birthday…
February 17, 2025 by Laura Heilenman · Leave a Comment Email This Post
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On a chilling February day during the Revolutionary War, the battle stopped long enough for Martha Washington and General Washington’s men to serenade him on his birthday. Although he would not become president for many years to come, no one can argue this was a (ok, an) historic celebration of Washington’s birthday. [Note: From this point on varying states did celebrate Washington’s birthday to honor our 1st Commander and Chief, however, Congress didn’t solidify this as a national holiday until 1879, and it wasn’t until 1885 the observance was extended to provide a day off for Federal workers (i.e., when it became a Federal Holiday). Many decades later Washington’s Birthday was combined with Lincoln’s to create what we now observe as President’s Day.
On February 20, 1885, THE NEW YORK TIMES had an interesting article noting that local Assemblymen had requested 3 1/2 days off to fully recover from the festivities. Perhaps it was this mindset which later caused the Federal Government to permanently link some holidays to a weekend, therefore allowing for plenty of time for all citizens to recover from the revelry and other raucous activities which are commonplace with such celebrations.
Confession: To-date I have yet to wake-up the morning after President’s Day with bloodshot eyes. It appears I need to up my celebratory game.
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Snapshot 1871 – Yosemite Edition…
February 10, 2025 by GuyHeilenman · Leave a Comment Email This Post
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Snapshot 1871…
Well, perhaps technically not a snapshot, but certainly an 1870’s version of such – an amazing woodcut illustration of one of my wife’s and my favorite places to visit:
Sandwiched at the midpoint of the timeline between the Mariposa War and when Yosemite National Park was established, this 1871 print of the Yosemite Valley captures the essence of its unspoiled grandeur. To read the corresponding article written by one who had just recently explored the region, go to:
“The Cub”, November, 1871
This publication describes itself as: “An Amateur Journal devoted to the interests of Boys and Girls”. As I tried to place myself in the shoes of a 19th century boy reading the article after viewing the illustration, I was reminded of the 1st time my wife and I beheld the valley for the 1st time. Standing from a perch atop Glacier Point – a location which enables one to drink in much of the Yosemite Valley in one visual snapshot, my childlike wonder came bursting forth from some long-buried place within, and my spirit cried out in praise to the One who created such things merely for our pleasure. What a memory!
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More than just another anti-slavery newspaper… A recent find…
February 7, 2025 by TimHughes · 2 Comments Email This Post
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I would have thought that after roughly a half-century in this hobby I would have heard of almost every title in America, even if I never owned them. But recently we encountered some issues of “The Non-Resistant” from Boston. Certainly the title intrigued me.
Wikipedia does a nice job of describing it:
“The New England Non-Resistance Society was an American peace group founded by William Lloyd Garrison (publisher of the famous ‘Liberator’ newspaper) in 1838. At the organizing convention, members of the American Anti-Slavery Society & the American Peace Society expressed discomfort with Garrison’s philosophy of non-resistance & inclusion of women in public political activities. After conservative attendees opposing Garrison walked out of the convention in protest, those remaining formed the ‘New England Non-Resistance Society’.
The Society condemned the use of force in resisting evil, in war, for the death penalty, or in self-defense, renounced allegiance to human government, and because of the anti-slavery cause, favored non-union with the American South.
The New England Non-Resistance Society was one of the more radical of the many organizations founded by William Lloyd Garrison, adopting a Declaration of Sentiments of which he was the principal author, pledging themselves to deny the validity of social distinctions based on race, nationality or gender, refusing obedience to human governments, and opposing even individual acts of self-defense.
In the Society’s Declaration of Sentiments, Garrison wrote, ‘any person without distinction of sex or color, who consents to the principles of this Constitution may become a member and be entitled to speak at its meetings.’ The Society rejected loyalty to any human government; one historian has described the Non-Resistance Society’s ‘basic outlook as that of philosophical anarchism’.
The declaration was signed by 44 people, of whom 20 were women. Maria Chapman became the editor of its publication, The Non-Resistant, along with Edmund Quincy and William Lloyd Garrison and started publication in 1839. The publication lasted only several years but was indicative of the millennial character of parts of the reform movement.”
An interesting newspaper with an intriguing history. I should never be surprised by what comes our way.
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